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After Pavel Durov left Russia in 2014, he was said to be moving from country to country with a small group of computer programmers consisting of 15 core members. Pavel Durov said that the Telegram team made Berlin, Germany its headquarters in 2014, but moved to Dubai and other jurisdictions in early 2015 after failing to obtain German residence permits for everyone on the team. It does not disclose where it rents offices or which legal entities it uses to rent them, citing the need to "shelter the team from unnecessary influence" and protect users from governmental data requests. Telegram is registered as a company in the British Virgin Islands and as an LLC in Dubai. Telegram Messenger states that its end goal is not to bring profit, but it is not structured as a non-profit organization. Nikolai Durov created the MTProto protocol that is the basis for the messenger, while Pavel Durov provided financial support and infrastructure through his Digital Fortress fund. Pavel Durov sold his remaining stake in VK and left Russia after resisting government pressure. Previously, the pair founded the Russian social network VK, which they left in 2014 after claiming it had been taken over by President Putin's allies. Telegram was launched in 2013 by the brothers Nikolai and Pavel Durov. 6.2.1 2021 shutdown of Russian political bots.It was the most downloaded app worldwide in January 2021 with 1 billion downloads globally as of late August 2021. In January 2021, Telegram surpassed 500 million monthly active users. Users can send text and voice messages, make voice and video calls, and share an unlimited number of images, documents (2 GB per file), user locations, animated stickers, contacts, and audio files. Cloud chats and groups are encrypted between the app and the server, so that ISPs and other third-parties on the network can't access data, but the Telegram server can. Telegram provides end-to-end encrypted voice and video calls and optional end-to-end encrypted "secret" chats. All of Telegram's official components are open source, with the exception of the server which is closed-sourced and proprietary. There are also two official Telegram web twin apps, WebK and WebZ, and numerous unofficial clients that make use of Telegram's protocol. Various client apps are available for desktop and mobile platforms including official apps for Android, iOS, Windows, macOS and Linux (although registration requires an iOS or Android device and a working phone number). The servers of Telegram are distributed worldwide to decrease frequent data load with five data centers in different regions, while the operational center is based in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. It was launched for iOS on 14 August 2013 and Android in October 2013. The service also provides end-to-end encrypted video calling, VoIP, file sharing and several other features. Telegram is a freeware, cross-platform, cloud-based instant messaging (IM) service.